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September 26, 2011
Contents Chapter 1: Beginners – zero mentality, to learn from scratch
Section textile fabrics and related process knowledge
1, fiber and spinning
2, gray
3, finishing
4, inspection cloth

Section garment processing basics
1, the basics of knitting garment processing
2, woven garment processing basics

Chapter II: actual articles – with practice, gain experience
First, knitted and woven fabrics of different
two common types of material specifications and material analysis
Third, cloth test
Chapter: Strategy papers – Looking at the world, compete in China
First, the global apparel industry, changes in the history
Second, the world major textile and compete at a glance
Third, the rapid development of China textile and garment industry of the basic characteristics and globalization factors
Fourth, China clothing development of the industry three major advantages
Chapter: Appendix: Abstracts of textile knowledge and knowledge
Textile Collection 1
textile knowledge highlights 2

Collection of textile knowledge 3
textile knowledge highlights 4
textile knowledge highlights 5
textile knowledge highlights 6
< br /> Textile Knowledge Collection 7

yarn English English common industry highlights
fleece fabric feature
cotton lining performance and quality requirements
Ten offer professional market research
garment production process

textile materials in Translation
color corresponding to the Chinese and English name
disperse dyes, polyester, acrylic, Nylon, spandex performance
the introduction of a number of international brand-name clothing

clothing terminology Chapter: Beginners – zero mentality, to learn from scratch
Section textile fabrics and related process knowledge
Process: weaving and spinning fiber dyeing cloth inspection
(entering the textile industry, there is a basic question, What is the fabric come from? general word, spun into fibers yarn, yarn into fabric, and then after finishing, final acceptance is the finished fabric)
1, fiber and spinning
a textile fiber type Collection
D is DENIER (denier) of the acronym, is a chemical fiber fineness of expression, is 9000 m long wire in moisture regain weight when the number of grams, also known as denier . D greater, indicating coarser yarn. Eg: 75D than the 50D to be rough.
S is the abbreviation for the British branch, for pure cotton yarn fineness of expression, refers to one pound (454 grams) The cotton yarn has 840 yards (1 yard = 0.9144 m) length of the number, ie a few 840 yards, is a few pieces, so the larger S, the finer the yarn. eg: 32S than 21S should be fine.
textile fibers (textile fibre)
★ (1) natural fiber (natural fibre)
● plant fiber (plant fiber)
< br /> ○ seed hair fibers (seed fibre):
cotton (cotton): mainly upland cotton and Sea Island cotton, is a major source of natural fiber.
ceiba (kapok)
○ bast fibers (bast fiber):
linen (flax): Keya hemp linen are annual or perennial of bast fibers.
hemp (Hemp) green hemp, kenaf
ramie (Ramie) (China grass): Ramie Ramie is a perennial Division of bark.
Jute (Jute): Tian Ma Division Jute annual herb of the stem bark fibers.
○ leaf fibers (leaf fibre):
sisal hemp (sisal hemp),
abaca (Manila hemp)
< br /> ○ fruit fiber (fruit fibre):
coir (coconut fibre)
● animal fibers (animal fibre)
hair ( hair):
wool (wool): mainly refers to sheep wool, is a short protein fibers.
rabbit (rabbit hair): Angola, mainly produced in rabbits and rabbit protein staple.
ostrich hair (camel hair): coarse fibers, primarily for industrial textiles.
secretions: silk (tussah silk):
wild silk, the silk of the silkworm feed on the spit of the filament.
silk (mulberry silk): Silk, silkworms eating mulberry spit of the filament.
● mineral fibers (mineral fiber):
asbestos (asbestos fiber)
★ (2) synthetic (man-made fibre) < br />
○ inorganic fiber:
metal fibers, glass fibers, rock fibers slag fiber
(inorganic fiber: metal fiber, stone fiber, glass fiber , slag fiber, Etc.)
○ recycled fiber:
viscose: viscose fibre, vicose rayon, viscose spinning regenerated cellulose fibers.
copper ammonia fiber: cuprammouium rayon, cuprammonium regenerated cellulose fiber method.
acetate: acetate fibre, cellulose derivatives, a semi-synthetic
prosperity fiber: polynosic, also known as “tiger Kapok”, viscose fiber a species.
○ cellulose acetate fibers:
two acetate, triacetate
(Cellulose acetate-fiber: two-acetate fiber, three-acetate fiber)
○ artificial protein fiber:
casein fiber, corn protein, fiber, soybean protein fiber
(corn protein fiber , pea protein fiber)
★ (3) synthetic (synthetic fibre) OR (chemical fiber)
● polyester (poly dimethyl terephthalate) : polyester (PET) with T said.
(polyethylene terephthalate: polyester)
● polyamide fibers: nylon (PA) with N said. Also known as nylon, nylon.
(polyamide, Nylon)
● polyacrylonitrile fibers: acrylic (PVN) with A that foreign “the Austrian-lun.”
(polyacrylonitrile, Acrylic)
● polyolefin fibers: polypropylene (PP)
(Isotactic polypropylene)
● polyurethane fiber: Spandex (OP)
(polyruethane elastomeric fiber; spandex)
● polyvinyl acetal fibers: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) V
(vinylon)
● PVC: polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
(chlorofibre, polyvinyl chloride fibre)
● other fibers : Aramid, Polyethylene, etc.
with: varieties of polyester filament yarn
birth:
not drawn yarn (conventional spinning) UDY
half pre-oriented yarn (medium-speed spinning) MOY
pre-oriented yarn (high-speed spinning) POY
high oriented yarn (over high-speed spinning) HOY
tensile wire:
tensile wire (low speed tensile wire) DY
full drawn yarn (spinning stretching step) FDY
taking all silk (spinning one-step) FOY
textured yarn:
conventional textured yarn (DY) < br />
stretch textured yarn (DTY)
air textured yarn (ATY)
Second, the nature and characteristics of textile fibers
1, the fiber moisture absorption
moisture absorption in textile fibers on the air, land and air will continue the exchange of water vapor, which textile fibers absorbing water vapor in the air, but also constantly water vapor released into the air. Textile fibers absorb or release water vapor in the performance of known fiber moisture absorption.
textile fiber textile fiber moisture is one of the important physical properties. The size of the textile fiber hygroscopic form of textile fiber size, weight, physical and mechanical properties have a certain influence, and thus also affect the processing and performance. The size of the textile fiber moisture also directly affect the ability to take the fabric to wear comfort. Moisture capacity of the fiber is easy to absorb a large body sweat to regulate body temperature, remove the wet stuffiness, which makes people feel comfortable. Therefore, in commercial trade, performance testing fiber, textile processing and textile fiber choices should pay attention to moisture absorption.
in common textile fibers, wool, linen, viscose, silk, cotton and other moisture resistant and moisture absorption capacity of synthetic fibers generally poor, including polyvinyl alcohol and nylon moisture absorption capacity slightly better , acrylic badly, worse polyester, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride are almost non-hygroscopic.
present, often the poor moisture absorption ability of synthetic and natural fibers or rayon fibers, to improve the fabric moisture absorption capacity.
moisture absorption in fiber, in addition to moisture absorption, the absorbent fibrous material is also comfortable with taking the fabric is closely related. The absorbent fiber is fiber sorption properties of liquid water. People in the activities generated by water vapor and sweat, the main leader in the material moisture and water absorption, the absorption and divergence out, so people feel comfortable. In general, the major coat is soaked by the rain, so the choice of absorbent fibers for small coat material; underwear mainly due to evaporation and non-dominant body sweat soaked, so to choose a large moisture absorption and water absorption fiber for underwear material.
2, the mechanical properties of fiber
in a variety of mechanical properties of textile fibers under the action of external forces, and the kinds of distortion performance as the mechanical properties of textile fibers. External force, including tension, compression, bending, torsion, friction and other forms.
the mechanical properties of textile fibers include fiber strength, elongation, elasticity, wear resistance, elastic modulus.
fiber strength: the strength of fiber is the fiber ability to resist external damage, it largely determines the durability of the textile goods.
fiber strength fiber used to represent the absolute strength, which refers to the continuous increase in the fiber under load until fracture can withstand the maximum load. Its statutory lecturer in newtons (N) or determining Newton (cN). Kilograms of chocolate or a past practice of using force said.
As the fiber strength with the thickness of the fibers, so the fibers of different thickness, the absolute strength not comparable, therefore, used to indicate the relative strength of the fiber strength. Relative intensity refers to the unit of linear density (per special or every day) fibers can withstand the maximum pulling force. Legal units of measurement for the cow / special (N / tex), or determining cow / special (cN / tex). Past practice of using chocolate / tan stated.
elastic fibers: fibers and their products in the processing and use, should be subjected to external forces, and generate the corresponding deformation. When the external force to remove the fiber part of the recoverable deformation, while the other part of the deformation is not recovered. According to the characteristics of the fiber, the fiber can be deformed into into three parts, namely, when the external force can be resumed immediately after the removal of this part of the elastic deformation of said emergency; when the external force to remove, it can slowly restore this part of the deformation said the slow elastic deformation; when the external force to remove, you can not restore this part of the deformation of said plastic deformation.
fiber refers to fiber deformation of elastic resilience. That elastic fibers commonly used indicator is the size of elastic fibers, said spring rate or response rate. It is urgent elastic deformation and elastic deformation of a certain time of the slow deformation of the percentage of the total.
fiber elastic recovery rate, the fiber elastic deformation recovery ability. With elastic textile fibers made of dimensional stability is good, taking the process is not easy wrinkle, and more wear-resistant. Such as: polyester with excellent flexibility, its clothing is made with a stiff, wear-resistant properties.
wear resistance of fiber: fiber and its products in the processing and the actual use, as constantly subjected to wear caused by friction. The wear resistance of fiber refers to fiber abrasion resistance performance.
fiber abrasion fastness of textile products with closely related. Wear clothing fabrics are pros and cons of taking an important indicator of performance. The wear resistance of fiber and fiber structure of macromolecules, supramolecular structure, elongation at break, elasticity and other factors. Common level of fiber wear the following order:
nylon> polypropylene> polyvinyl alcohol> Polyethylene> Polyester> Acrylic> polyvinyl chloride fiber> wool> silk> cotton> linen> prosperity fiber> copper ammonia fiber> stick plastic fiber> acetate> glass fiber.
fiber elastic modulus: the elastic modulus of fiber, also known as “initial modulus”, which refers to the fiber tensile curve of a line beginning on the part of the stress-strain ratio. In practical calculation, the general desirability of the load elongation curve when the elongation rate of 1% point to obtain the elastic modulus of fiber.
fiber modulus fibers in a small size that the degree of difficulty under load, which reflects the rigidity of the fiber and fabric properties with closely. When other conditions are the same, the fiber elastic modulus, the stiffness of the fabric; the other hand, the elastic modulus is small, the fabric soft.
3, fiber chemical resistance
fiber refers to fiber chemical resistance to various chemicals destroy the resistance.
fibers in the textile dyeing and finishing, will be different degrees of contact with water, acid, alkali, salt and other chemicals at the same time, fiber products in use, will be exposed to various chemicals such as detergents, finishing agents. Therefore, as a textile fiber must have a certain resistance to chemicals, textile dyeing and finishing, and in order to meet product requirements. In addition, only about a variety of chemical resistance of textile fibers, to a reasonable selection of appropriate processing conditions, the proper use of a variety of fiber products.
in a variety of textile fibers, cellulose fibers stronger alkali resistance, and resistance to weak acid. The chemical properties of protein fibers and cellulose fibers is different from its acid resistance than the resistance to strong alkali, the protein fibers in terms of alkali or alkali will be subject to different levels of operation, and even lead to decomposition. Synthetic chemical resistance stronger than natural fibers such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride acid and alkali resistance are very good.
4, fiber density
is the density of fibers per unit volume of fiber quality. Common units of g / cm 3 (g/cm3).
fiber size and fiber composition of the macromolecular arrangement of pile and fiber morphology of the structure. Fiber volume the size of the fiber quality of the line density, volume weight of silk yarn, fabrics have an impact on the nature, of which the coverage and quality of fabric has a direct relationship. The smaller fibers have a greater density of coverage, that is, the same coverage of clothing, made by a less dense fiber quality of light clothing. Whether in summer or winter, the quality of light clothing, more popular, more comfortable to wear.
5, fiber and yarn linear density and length
fiber linear density and linear density of fiber length is the thickness of fiber. Fiber length is the length of the fiber.
textile fibers must be of a linear density and length, hold each other to make the fibers together, and rely on friction between the fiber spun yarn is made. Therefore, the textile fiber has a linear density and length, which is a textile processing and the use value of products with the necessary conditions.
linear density of textile fiber and textile processing and silk yarn and fabric made of the performance are closely related. Under normal circumstances, low density fiber line, even better, it will help the textile processing and product quality. Density in the fiber line to take on the properties of the fabric, the smaller the fiber fabric is soft, shiny softer, with the smaller fibers can be obtained relatively thin fabric, but also create good ventilation and silk-effects good fabric. But the fine fluff fiber fabric is easy, since the ball, and crude fiber fabric used to manufacture the stiff, rough and thick fabrics.
Similarly, the length of the textile fibers and textile and product quality closely. Longer fiber length, length uniformity is good, less short fiber content, the quality of textile processing and beneficial. Under the same conditions, the fiber is longer, the yarn strength, evenness, yarn smooth surface, made of fabric fastness, bright and clean appearance, easy to fluff, play the ball. In addition, the guarantee under the premise of the quality of yarn, the longer the fiber, yarn can be spun finer, more light can be used to create the fabric. Is made for the length of the shorter length is more important than the line density, such as cotton grade and pricing, the length is the most important indicators.
in the textile fibers, natural fibers and the length of the line density is heterogeneous, and sometimes the difference is also large, it is with the fiber varieties, growing conditions vary. The chemical is man-made fiber, fiber linear density and length can be within a certain range according to the requirements of fiber processing and use, human-controlled and defined.
bulk yarn bulk yarn to be preceded by two different shrinkage of the fibers into yarn, and yarn on the hot air or steam or boiling water treatment, this time, contraction rate The fibers have a greater contraction in the center of yarn, and mixed low-shrinkage fibers, due to shrinkage, and was squeezed in the formation of ring-shaped surface of the yarn, resulting in fluffy, plump, flexible bulk yarn.
core-spun yarn generally have better strength and elasticity of synthetic filament yarn core, outsourcing cotton, wool, viscose staple fiber and textile made from twisting together yarns. Core yarn and filament yarn outsourcing both short fibers excellent performance. There are the more common polyester core-spun yarn, polyester filament it as the core yarn, cotton fibers outsourcing. There spandex yarn, spandex yarn as it is a core yarn, outsourcing other fiber yarn. Made from such yarn knitted or jeans material, wearing flexibility, and comfortable fit.
fiber and yarn linear density
fiber linear density is a very important feature of the physical characteristics and geometry, it not only affects textile processing and product quality, but also with closely related to the performance of fabric. Similarly, the yarn linear density is the most important indicators. Yarn linear density affect the physical and mechanical properties of textiles, feel, style, etc., it is also an important basis for the design of the fabric.
fiber and yarn linear density has multiple representations, generally in proportion with the yarn cross-sectional area of ??indirect indicators to represent. Commonly used indicators are the Turks (numbers), metric count, British count, denier and so on. In general, fiber and yarn linear density index is divided into fixed-length control system and the fixed weight categories.
fixed-length system is certain to develop a long length of fiber or yarn has the weight, the greater its value, that the more crude fiber or yarn. Currently there are special (tex), dtex (dtex), cents special (mtex), Dan (D) and so on. China legal unit of measurement for the special number system.
Turks referred to as “special”, it refers to the 1000 m length of fiber or yarn in moisture regain weight when the number of grams. Turks known as the cotton yarn numbers.
In addition, the diameter can also be used to represent the yarn linear density. The diameter of the yarn for fabric design, develop important basis for manufacturing process parameters, which can be measured under the microscope, but in actual production, the diameter of the yarn from the yarn and special yarn number or count density conversion derived.
line density in the strands that, the special number system to form strands of yarn on a special number by the number of said partnership, such as 14 × 2. When the strands in the yarn is not the same number of features, places of yarn to represent special numbers together, such as 16 18. Count system to form strands of yarn count divided by the number of shares represented, such as 50 / 2. If the component strands of yarn of different counts, count of yarn should be tied into, cut open with a slash, such as 24/48.
silk chemical fiber density of the complex, composed of multifilament with monofilament root number and total number of Turks said. Such as: 16.5 tex/30 f, re-wire bus that the density of 16.5 tex, monofilament root number 30. Chemical fiber or silk thread density of the complex composition of the multi-filament density and a single thread.
6, commonly used in fiber properties
(1). Natural fibers:
. COTTON (cotton): absorbent and soft.
. LlNEN (Ma): easy to fold, after finishing straight, take the air, higher prices.
. RAMIE (line Ma): the linen one, coarse yarn, usually used for curtains or sofa cloth, used clothes are usually mixed with hemp.
. WOOL (wool): wool is fine, not easy to play ball.
. LAMBSWOOL (small wool): wool is coarse, general and ANCYLIC (polyacrylonitrile fiber) mixed, so that clothing is not easy deformation.
. MOHAIR (mohair goat): fluffy features, more warmth.
. vCASHMERE (Kashmir goat cashmere): smaller fibers, light and soft, comfortable touch.
. ANGOLA (Angola goat or rabbit): fine wool, loose, feel silky, flexible, higher prices.
. SILK (silk), soft, beautiful luster, moisture large.
(2). Chemical fiber:
. RAYON (artificial silk): very light, soft, used for COL-LECTION shirt.
. POLYESTER (PET): similarity with rayon, good handling, easy to fold after iron, cheap.
. SPANDEX (flexible nylon): its flexible, mixed with cotton cloth in the majority, just with 5 – 10%, the root has been great flexibility, so that clothing is not easy to deformation, is not easy to fade, higher prices.
. VISCOSE (synthetic): plain weave of VISCOSE have shiny effect, knitted VISCOSE feel very soft, heavier, higher price.
. NYLON (Nylon): entirely through Su, feel hard, for windbreaker type jacket, and wool blend, makes clothing more pretty.
Third, the fiber is calculated
① length system:
A. Turks: 1000 m length of the yarn when the moisture regain special number called the weight.
formula: TEX = (G / L) × 1000
Where: G is the weight of yarn (g), L is the length of yarn (m)

B. denier: 9000 meters of wire in the moisture regain of weight when called denier.
formula: NTEX = (G / L) × 9000
Where: G is the weight of silk (g), L is the length of wire (m)

② fixed weight system:
A. Number of public support (public support): 1 gram yarn (yarn) has the length in meters.
formula: NM = L / G
where: 1 yarn (silk) and length (m), G for the yarn (silk) weight (g) < br />
B. English count (English teams): 1 pound yarn has 840 yards of the length of the number.
formula: NE = (L / G) × 840
where: L is yarn (silk) length (code), G for the yarn (silk) weight (lb).
one hand
visual method is hand-to-hand visual, eye observation, rule of thumb to determine the type of fiber. This method is simple and does not require any equipment, but need to identify the members have extensive experience. Identification of the fabric, in addition to the fabric to the touch and observation, you can remove the yarn from the fabric edge identification.
1, feel and strength: cotton, linen feel hard, wool is very soft. Silk, viscose, nylon will feel moderate. Hand pull-off, are silk, linen, cotton, synthetic strong; wool, viscose, acetate was relatively weak.
2, elongation: Tensile fibers are cotton, linen stretched the length of the smaller; wool, acetate fiber elongation is longer; silk, viscose fiber, most of the synthetic fiber elongation is moderate.
3, length and uniformity: “Natural fiber length, uniformity is poor, chemical fiber length, uniformity is good. soft and thin cotton fiber length is very short. Wool is long and curly , soft and elastic. silk is long and slender, and there is a special luster. hemp fiber-containing resin and a hard disc.
4, Weight: cotton, linen, viscose fiber weight than silk; nylon , acrylic, polypropylene lighter than silk; wool, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, acetate and silk weight similar.
Second, the combustion method used
combustion characteristics of textile fibers

fiber flame near the flame when the phenomenon in the sense of smell from the ashes of flame shape after
cotton near flame that is burning, burning quickly, there is very little afterglow burning paper smell, soft, black or gray
hair melting off the flame, melting and burning difficult to continue burning, will be self-extinguishing, burning feathers flavor, fragile, brittle, black
wire melt off the flame, when burning the slightest sound, difficult to continue burning, it will self-extinguishing, and when the splash burning, burning feathers flavor, fragile, brittle, black
Ma near flame that is burning, burning at the sound of bursting, burning continued to take smoke, there is persistence, with cotton, viscose
near flame that is burning, burning, no afterglow continued burning fast, burning paper mixed with chemical taste in addition to those outside the no light gray, between a small amount of black ash.
nylon shrink in recent flame that melting, fuel melting, dripping and foaming are not directly added celery taste like burning hard, round, light brown to gray, beaded
flame that is close to melting polyester shrink, melting fuel can be continued burning, smoke a few very weak sweet hard round, black or light brown
acrylic melting, melting near flame that is burning and burning rate of fuel , spicy taste hard black splash weak, irregular or beaded
Third, the microscopic observation
aid of a microscope to observe the longitudinal profile and cross section shape of the fiber, or with the staining method , you can more accurately distinguish between natural fiber and chemical fiber.
commonly used cross-sectional and longitudinal fiber morphology
fiber longitudinal cross-section morphology morphology
< br /> flat ribbon of cotton, a natural transfer curve round the waist, with the cavity surface
wool round or nearly round with scales, some sheep marrow
irregular triangle silk straight
ramie cross section, Shu Wen kidney-shaped, with the cavity and crack
viscose fibers have longitudinal grooves to form a hook tooth pages shaped edge
polyester, nylon smooth round
have twelve acrylic groove smooth or nearly circular
Fourth, fiber identification method < br />
five fabric warp or weft
1) has a length and width of fabric, and fabric edge parallel to the length of the match as long as the horse on the long direction radial fabric; with selvedge width perpendicular to the length of the call, the width of the fabric of the zonal direction in the weaving, the yarn is used for radial warp, weft for weft yarn is called < br />
2) T / C 35% polyester, 65% cotton 45 × 45 110 × 76 44 “
over the meaning of this sentence is:

t / c polyester using 35/65 of the C yarn
45X45 warp and weft are 45s
110X76 through, weft density, unit root inches or centimeters number
44 “width 44 in.
warp and weft of a three-on look at the intertwined fabric.
3) Satin: The face satin: A satin loop, put comprehensive five warp, weft intertwined fabric provides a comprehensive, long after floating, flying, such as five two, five three fly.
latitude surface Satin: A satin loop, provides comprehensive five weft yarn woven to form a comprehensive mention of fabric, weft float longer.
satin weave: cloth smooth but not strong, easy to scratch injury, easy to fluff.
2, gray
a textile fabric in Chinese and English
indigo chambray: Indigo chambray
< br /> rayon flocking: Rayon cloth flocking
PVC flocking: PVC flocking
knitting cloth flocking: Knitting cloth flocking
beads particles down: Claimond veins
back hair: Down pile making
velveteen: velveteen (velvet-plain)
Suede: Micro suede < br />
leather cowboy flocking: Jeans flocking
Taffeta: Nylon taffeta (Nylon shioze)
nylon taffeta seersucker: Nylon seersucker taffeta
Plain Flocking: plain flocking
printing flocking: flocking (flower)
Embossed Flocking: Embossing flocking

Leather ditch flocking: Leather imitation flocking
jeans flocking embossing: Embossing jeans flocking
rabbit cashmere coat it: Angora cachmere overcoating

(wool) double it: double-faced woolen goods
Velvet do: cut velvet
along woolen: over coating
crude Tweed: costume tweed
stretch it: lycra woolen goods
Tasi down: Nylon taslon
Tasi velvet plaid: N / Taslon ripstop

Peach: polyester peach skin
taffeta: polyester taffeta
Pongee: polyester pongee
fine Maike Bu: Micro fiber
Nylon thick (plain): Nylon-cotton fabric (plain)
thick heavy flat Nylon: Nylon-cotton-cotton fabric (double weft )
the word Kam cotton: Nylon-cotton fabric
cotton twill Jin: Nylon-cotton fabric (twill)
plain velvet: solid velvet
sprout brushed velvet: Rib fleece velvet
Snowflake Velvet: melange velvet
Embossing Velvet: ginning velvet
< br /> capsules flannel: pellet fleece velvet
cotton blended fabric: linen / cotton blended fabric
cotton interwoven cloth: linen / cotton mixed fabric
plain terry cloth: solid terry
ant fabric: fleece in one side
plain fleece: solid fleece
net fabric: fleece
color of Jersey: color-stripes single jersey
T / R elastic fabric: T / R bengaline
T / C yarn-dyed plaid fabric: T / C solid check fabric
stretch suede: Micro suede with spandex
T / R Suede: T / R Micro suede < br />
suede velvet Yao grain composite fabric: 100% polyester micro suede bounding with polar fleece
suede knitted fabric composite: 100% polyester bounding with knitting micro suede fabric < br />
suede sherpa composite fabric: 100% polyester micro suede bounding with lamb fur
glossy satin: cire satine
dull Agnes Textile: Full dull nylon taffeta
semidull Taffeta: semi-dull nylon taffeta
light nylon: Trilobal nylon
dull Tasi Long: Full dull nylon taslan
dull Oxford: full dull nylon oxford
nylon grid: Nylon rip-stop
Tasi Longue : Taslan rip-stop
dumb fudi: Full dull Micro polyester pongee
dull pongee: Full dull polyester pongee
spring sub- spin lattice: polyester pongee rip-stop
dull polyester peach skin: Full dull polyester peach
wide twill peach skin: Big twill polyester peach
< br /> polyester and nylon composite peach: poly / nylon peach
polyester plaid: polyester taffeta rip-stop
Polyester Honeycomb Taslan: polyester honey taslan

dull polyester DTY oxford: Full dull poly textured oxford
polyester and nylon woven peach: Nylon / polyester inter-woven peach
II. Cotton woven fabrics
1, Definition: cotton woven fabric is cotton as raw material, through the loom, the warp and weft interwoven vertical and horizontal ups and downs made textiles.
2, cotton fabric is divided into:
① white character: ordinary cloth, fine cloth, coarse cloth, canvas, twill fabric, color cloth.
② colored cloth: sulfide blue cloth, cloth curing ink, Shihlin blue cloth, Shihlin gray cloth, color poplin, colored card grumble, colored Chinese do.
③ fabric: printing on a variety of colors and patterns cloth, such as: plain cloth, twill fabric printing, printing serge, printed satin.
④ dyed: it is the first line after dyeing or yarn, woven into the machine after the cloth

January 17, 2011
for cloth diaper material is generally divided into two categories: absorbent layer and the impermeable layer.
absorbent layer materials: Cotton, Micro fiber, Hemp, Bamboo Fabric
one, Cotton (organic) cotton fabric. This is the most traditional of absorbent material, the water absorption capacity and weave on.
The most common is the general cotton, absorbent worst, often need several layers to achieve the required suction force. The cheapest. flannel flannel, thin cotton children nap on both sides, more soft. The second is the variety of knitted cotton. Common are jersey knit (flat pin), rib knit (needle up and down), terry knit (one side is flat pin, the other side is a small circle) and fleece, valour and so on. jersey knit thinnest, and unstable, will cut the volume after edges, is not easy to sew. rib knit medium thickness, cut edges after tireless. terry knit because the side of a small circle, thicker, more absorbent. in fact, terry knit fleece on one side or both sides of the child children nap, so cozy, and the softest touch. valour is velveteen, very soft and very absorbent, is expensive.
two, Micro-fiber micro synthetic fibers, absorbent okay, lighter, cheaper. As the micro-fiber weave, it has a fine pipe capacity, the liquid can be sucked from a baby ass place to go. Do not let microfiber insert direct contact with the baby skin, the skin will absorb the oil to go!
three, Hemp / Organic Hemp knit. Hemp fabric to lay in a large absorbent cotton. There is a natural bactericidal effect, and wash durable than cotton, it could last 2 to 3 babies easily!
Four, bamboo cotton fabric organic cotton bamboo the last two years to cause cloth diaper revolution, it is made of bamboo pulp inside. General in order to increase its durability, made of organic cotton blend will be added, its absorbent than hemp, fabric is even higher 15% to 30%. And bamboo grows fast without pesticides, chemical fertilizers, natural pest control with disinfection.
impermeable layer material: PUL, Fleece, Wool
one. PUL. Is Polyurethane laminate (PUL). It is a fabric (cotton or polyester) that has been laminated on one side with a clear polyurethane coating, usually 1mil or 2mil thick. This impermeable layer of polyurethane coating can group elements, but breathable, is breathable for. That it is not intolerant west or drying it? In fact, for the medical PUL originally developed, is to be able to withstand heavy usage. Wash a few hundred thousand times is no problem, and the temperature of the drying medium can be used in the molecular structure of flapping bad reordering, to enhance its waterproof. Generally speaking, PUL diaper cover is the cheapest.
two. water barrier is the Fleece. Fleece according to weight / square yard of a different divided into micro-fleece, 100, 200, 300 and windpro level. micro-fleece with light and thin, and has a “fine control” function can be moisture wicking away, usually used as the most inner layer to keep babies dry. but the more weight fleece, this feature is completely reversed, and change just breathe into the impermeable. The fleece diaper cover for the basic level is 300 or windpro than pul expensive, but not outrageous. Fleece can be used and recycled plastic, is an environmentally friendly product oh.
three. WOOL. is the most breathable of all materials. Containing a layer of natural wool lanolin, yes, the lanolin you apply to your nipples after breast feeding! Lanolin is the best natural water barrier. The more natural, un-bleached wool, lanolin content is higher, the better the water. After repeated use, wool diaper can be soaked into lanolin solution over night, it l be good as new again. Of course, wool diaper cover is the most expensive friends.
following seven types of cloth diapers: Flat diaper, Pre-folds, Fitted diaper, Doubler diaper, Diaper Cover, Pocket diaper, All-In-One Diaper
a The most common flat diaper. is generally square, according to the different baby weight, medium and small sub-three size. usually (organic) cotton / hemp woven material made of relatively thin. But the benefits are needed, folded into various shapes and sizes. To achieve the required suction force, often require several layers.

two, Pre-folds. Pre-folds are distinguished by the number of layers and size. A Pre-fold that is 2×3x2, meaning that the middle three, two on each side. The most common is 3×6x3 OR 4×8x4. The middle of a thick, add water power, on both sides a little thin, good ventilation. Or HEMP FABRIC COTTON usually the.
three, Fitted diaper. In the Pre-fold, based on the increase Curve and Fastener, to better fit your baby ass.
four, EXTRA Inserts / Doubler. Provide EXTRA OBSORBENCY, six to eight of the HEMP / BAMBOO FABRIC is the most POPULAR choice of materials.
five in the FLATS / PRE-FOLD / DOUBLER outside, it is necessary to use Diaper cover up. Usually only one layer of FLEECE OR PUL FABRIC, or DOUBLE-KNIT of WOOL.
6, if that want to have PUL DIAPER COVER lightweight and cheap, want to have good suction power, Pocket diaper is a good choice. Outside the PUL WATER BARRIER, which is a WICKING POWER of MICRO-FLEECE, and SUPER OBSORBENT the DIAPER BOUBLER you can go into the inside of the opening.
seven, ULTIMATE of ALL-IN-ONE DIAPER. Both super absorbent, but also breathable waterproof layer, just like RE-USABLE the PAPER DIAPER.
cloth diapers accessaries
one, Diaper fastener diapers buckle. There are three small plastic claws, the middle with a flexible rubber material with a T-shaped, the Pre-fold / flat fixed on the baby diaper on a small ass, before with safety pins.


two, Wet diaper bag. washed before being put away in the wet with the Cloth diaper. PUL or Fleece is usually made of a square bag.
three, wipes. With cheaper Cotton / hemp knit cut into small squares.
four, Diaper liner changing mat towel. If you feel really bad Soiled diaper washing, you can use the Bio-degradable disposable cotton biodegradable diaper liner on the inner layer. Baby Poopoo music, even Poopoo together with Liner Flush.
cloth diaper cleaning and maintenance
To Get the most out of your cloth diaper investment, proper cleaning and maintenance of cloth diapers is a constant important.
PUL / Fleece is not as long as the drying temperature on it. Wool is also spoken in front of friends maintenance.
Cotton / Hemp / Bamboo knits material for diapers, wash time: one to use more water, such as the Medium of the wash load to use the Large Setting; second is to use less detergent Detergent. Usually with 1 to 2Tea spoon on it, but also to use the detergent composition is simple, absolutely do not increase the enzyme can be used. Purex is a good choice. Third, when washing or drying softener Fabric softener does not use his line in the diapers into the surface layer of Coating, impact absorbent.
diapers now divided into two parts, one is outside of the diaper diaper pants, part of the inside lining inserts.
diaper is waterproof outer layer, inner layer is one kind of fleece, very soft.
each diaper, which can pad one, two or even three interlining. Interlining is a special absorbent cloth. Water absorption is very high. Generally 2-3 times in urine can be Douzhu. If time travel, or at night, you can pad 2, or 3. We do not use at night, because now the weather is too cold, wear more children. Tested did not give him more of the pad. Such as the weather warms up, I will give him to test, to see at night will not leak. 2-3 hours during the day if parents give for once, is generally not leaking.
layer of fleece inside the diaper in the water, will insert sucked, so after the urine is not uncomfortable. Not feel the baby is wet.
than the average paper diaper diapers are soft. And no allergic. Fat baby mother will know, sometimes, diaper felt on both sides of the baby skin will scratch.
some cloth diaper sub S, M, L AND XL number. The most economical is to buy ALL IN ONE (AIO) CLOTH DIAPER. This theory, from 8 pounds to the 35 lbs. Adjust the size to buy a snap. Do not pull too much newborn, and head is too small, then a little larger with the AIO. After a 2 months, we can consider CLOTH DIAPER the.
How to wash?
washing diapers, is a headache. However, in the United States, the countries with the dryer, this is simply not a problem. Every day I was in the bathroom of his home put a basin, which put points BABY DETERGENT, then pour in Sheung Shui. INSERT put urine taken out from the diaper, and then are washed with water to about 2. Bubbles in the water just fine. Pull it, is not very soiled diaper inner things. I always flick directly to the diapers, the stool directly on the toilet pit, wash away. And then directly with the stool of diapers washed under the tap. If dirty, or too much oil in the stool, on the Tu-point laundry detergent, rub a little bit clean.
every night, or any time you feel the wash diapers, and thrown into the washing machine, GENTLE CYCLE, MINI WATER LEVEL on the line. Wash well, after drying, drying up the diaper with a clip, INSERTS INTO THE DRYER. INSERTS general in warm, almost half an hour to dry. If you quit, hang up and air dry.
diapers are very easy to do. I usually do once every night, the next day there is new diapers a day.
that it may be a bit cumbersome, but the trouble is not done. Because the baby clothes is to wash every day. Nothing is more a LOAD.
A month now, back and forth with these diapers. Not a bad bargain. Each also has scrub. And no smell.
doing, if things continue this way, really save a lot of overhead.
I think, cloth diaper with about several advantages
1, green — this is for sure. Smelly is not so much a day of garbage to deal with.
2, to save money — nearly 40 previously bought almost 100 diapers. Now, if in accordance with 10 diapers plus 12insets, investments were less than 140 dollars, there are 3 boxes of diapers on the back of the capital. And what those ass wipe the cream Yeah, cream, and also do not need a. In addition to his overnight in the evening when it is used.
3, good-looking. What colors, patterns are.
4, comfortable, you look at the child buttocks to know, is not out of the red marks on diapers bond
shortcomings, is to wash. Especially after the pull, not on a direct throw trash.
cloth diapers, usually in the babies r us is not. Diapers.com has. There are many environmental initiatives site. There are many on Ebay, and inexpensive. Good quality.
if given the chance, please go to cloth diaper a whole new look. If I have children, it must be from the very early use. Even if you are not environmentally friendly, this thing is good for children.
Yes, our house is not baby wipes, and clean water directly. This will not play diaper rash.
http://web.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=kids_b est

November 27, 2010
EIGHT preposition
common prepositions can be divided into four categories: simple prepositions (ie, basic prepositions, such as about, in, on, with etc.), synthetic prepositions (such as into,
out of, without, etc.), and idioms, prepositions (eg, according to, apart
from, for the sake of, etc.) and word prepositions (eg, concerning,
including, respecting, etc.).
in College English, CET “word usage” in this section, candidates often examine prepositions and prepositional meaning of the word and nouns, adjectives, verbs, phrasal verbs, and so mastery of the content, Because “preposition usage” can be said that we encountered in the process of learning English as a most ever-changing content, and sometimes a preposition, verb, or even a definite article can be a whole different meaning of the phrase changed. Therefore particularly difficult time in memory, it is easy to make with its fixed meaning or confuse.
1. noun preposition
Example: In January 1997, four 29 questions
It is useful to be able to predict the extent which a price change
will affect supply and demand.
A) from B) with C) to D) for
assessment of this question and prepositions with the use of the term. After the space is an attributive clause, subject of the noun modified extent. Re-enter a preposition space requirements, and the extent composed of phrases, modified verb affect, that degree. The sentence means: “to predict the impact of price changes on supply and demand level would be useful.” extent prior to use preposition to.
From, with, and for that can not be used in conjunction with the extent of,
So the answer is C.
2. adjective preposition
example: June 1997, four 59 questions
By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular ________ < br />
children as Coca-Cola.
A) for B) in C) to D) with
popular adjective assessment of this question with a preposition. The sentence means: “to 1929, Mickey Mouse and Coca-Cola, had been welcomed by the children.” Adjective preposition can be followed with popular or among, which means “popular.” So the answer is D)
with. Preposition in the sentence can be expressed in such “popular range”, but can not be used in somebody. sometimes said to “run for … …”, but not popular with the adjective with. Preposition general that things happen for reasons, and the meaning of the whole sentence does not meet.
Example: In January 1996, four question 30
Cancer is second only ______ heart disease as
a cause of death.
A) of B) to C) with D) from
Second in the sentence as an adjective, meaning “inferior of …”, the preposition to be followed to, constitute phrases be
second (only) to sth or sb. The answer is B.
3. verb preposition
example: June 1997, four 52 questions
He will agree to do what you require ___________ him .
A) of C) to B) from D) for
The main problem with the assessment of the verb require the usage with prepositions. require
something of somebody, said, “requires a person to do something.” So the answer is A). require the back can not take the preposition to. followed by the preposition from can require that “to be something to someone,” not that “requires a person to do something.” require that followed by the preposition for “To” or “for … … the use of” not mean that the “require a person to do something.” So are wrong.
4. preposition noun
example: June 1999, four 65 questions
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
The answer is D) on. on the point of doing a fixed phrase, meaning “about to, intend to.” The sentence means: “When his letters when I was about to call him.”
Example: In June 1995, four 53 questions
The survival of civilization as we know is ______ threat.
A) within B ) under C) towards D) upon
The sentence means: “Today the survival of human civilization is threatened.” In the four options, only B) under that “… in case” or “being.” is
under threat equivalent is experiencing threat. So the answer is B)
under. within the meaning of is “… … which, in the … … less.” towards the mean “to, on.” upon can be said that “immediately after the … …”, but can not match with the threat that “was” intended.
Example: In January 1997, four question 30
Finding a job in such a big company has always
been _____ his wildest dreams .
A) under B) over C) above D) beyond
The sentence means: “in such a large company has to find a job that he can not imagine thing. ” Space in the preposition with his wildest
dreams for a sentence constitutes a prepositional phrase slogan. The answer is D) beyond, meaning “beyond”, the equivalent outside
the range or limits of someone or something. The other three prepositions and dreams can not be said with “out” means.
5. (not …) until usage
Example: In January 1997, four 52 questions
_______ quite recently, most mothers in Britain
did not take paid work outside the home.
A) Before B) Until C) From D) Since
from 4 options point of view, can be used only until recently before the adverb. So the answer is B)
. The sentence means: “Most British mother, who until recently was out in the paid labor.” Main clause predicate if they contain the negative sense, until that “until the … … before.” If since, with the perfect sentence predicate state should have
not taken; If before, the sentence is that until recently did not go out to work in, as to when to go to work, can last, you can also sometime in the future; if from, the whole sentence means exactly the opposite, the predicate can not past tense, so the only option B).
6.
compound prepositions Example: In June 1997, four 34 questions
Every man in this country has the right to live < br />
where he wants to ____ the color of his skin.
A) with the exception of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D)
< br /> regardless of
this sentence means: “everyone in this country what he ,_____ color, have the right to live in a place he wanted to live.” Space should be filled, “No matter, no matter” means a compound preposition. Can be seen, the answer is D). Other options are meant: A)
with the exception of (except … … outside), B)
because of (as, in view), C) by virtue of (with, as) are not suitable for this sentence.
7. four exams often test the phrase preposition
Example: In January 1999, four 63 questions
My father seemed to be in no ______ to look at my school report.
A) mood B) emotion C) attitude D) feeling
test this question with a preposition phrase usage. The effect of this sentence: “My father did not seem to see my report card sentiment.” be
in (no) mood to do sth. with fixed, meaning “there is (not) to do … … state of mind.”
Example: In June 1991, four 46 questions
Will all those _______ the proposal raise their
hands?
< br /> A) in relation to B) in excess of
C) in contrast to D) in favor of
this sentence mean :”______ the meaning of the questions, please raise your hands. ” Should fill a space around said “support, endorse,” like the word. The answer is D) in
favor of. Option A) in relation to mean: “For, on”, B)
in excess of meaning is: “more than”, C) in
contrast to the means: “… compared with …”, meaning do not co-title.
Example: In January 1997, four 48 questions
________ one time, Manchester was the home of
the most productive cotton mills in the world.
A) On B) By C) At D) Of
The answer is C) At. Prepositional phrase at one time meant “once, once.” Other options are not with one
time constitute a phrase.
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Victor English education learning studio
my existence is an eternal surprise, this is the life! 31.sure with certain
two terms are predicative adjective, meaning “a certain, definite” (certain attribute can be made), followed by of / about, infinitive, and that guided clause. Such as: We are sure / certain of winning the game. We are convinced that win. I not sure / certain about some of the English idioms. I have some English idioms not sure. We are sure / certain to win the game. We will win the victory. She is sure / certain that his lecture will be warmly welcome. She was convinced that his lecture will be warmly welcomed. certain can be used It is certain that … sentence, but sure can not. Such as: It is certain (here can not be sure) that the project will be a success. Project will be successful, it is certain.
32.spend, pay and cost
three words are for “spending money” solution, the difference is as follows: ① spend and pay must be made by a person subject to, and cost are the matter (that is, it) to make the subject, such as: He has spent all his money on books. he put all the money to buy the book. During the next ten years we both worked night and day to pay for it. To pay off debts, 10 years, we work both day and night. What will it cost me? It will cost you 20 dollars. How much money this cost me? Take you 20 dollars. ② spend and pay the preposition is not the same ride, on the former is often used in conjunction with, and for the latter often used in conjunction. The cost of the cost, which can be money, but also is the time, energy or labor, etc. Subject is the object, the object is followed by people, without any preposition.
33.because, since with as
because the strongest tone, highlighting the reason or reasons, the general guidance on the main sentence, clause, to answer why the questions. weaker than that because of the tone as only a general description of the causal relationship between the guide on the main clause before the clause, after the can. since the weakest voice, sometimes described in the fundamental or not the direct cause, but a “with cause”, to guide the clause is often placed before the main sentence. Generally translated as “since, in view.”
34.take, bring and fetch
three words are transitive verb, has a “take” means, but the usage is different, mainly in sports the direction. ① take the speaker refers to the persons or things from place to place to the other, which means “take away”, such as: Don forget to take the schoolbag with you. Do not forget to bring bags. Please take this book to the library. Please go to this book to the library. ② bring refers to the person or elsewhere, to the place where the speaker, meaning “bring”, such as: He brought me some sweets. He brought me some sugar. To do such a thing will only bring trouble. Do such a thing can only bring trouble. ③ fetch from the speaker refers to the place where the persons or things to bring back to somewhere else, which means “pick up”, such as: Go and fetch a doctor. Go to your doctor. Who can fetch me some chalk? Who is going to give me some chalk?
35.each and every
two words are “each” means, but the a different focus. each focused on individual circumstances, every focus of all, the “all” means. Such as: She knows each student of the class. She knew every student in this class. She knows every student of the class. She knows all the students in this class. ① each can be used as an adjective, it can be used for pronouns, used as a master, guest or appositive. As subject, the predicate verb in the singular form, each for two or more persons or things, so it is none of all the negative or neither. ② every is an adjective, followed by the noun as subject, the verb in the singular. Because it is an adjective, so can not say that every of us, and say that each of us. ③ each / every … and not once that some of the negative, which means “not everyone is,” such as: Each of them doesn swim. They are not all swimming. Every student is not able to swim. Not every student will be swimming.
36.no one and none
① no one no one (only refers to people, can not be used referring to things), and nobody means the same as the subject of the phrase is not required with used in conjunction, such as: No one believes him since he is not honest. no one believes him, because he dishonest. No one else but I went. Except me, no one to go. ② none not one (can refer to people, it can also mean anything). As subject, the place of an uncountable noun, verb in the singular form, instead of a countable noun, verb singular and plural can. But the “master? System? Table” sentences, such as predicative as plural, the verb to use the plural form, such as: None of us are (is) afraid of difficulties. We who are not afraid of difficulties. There is none of it left. The thing that did not rest. ③ In the answer “not a” when, in addition to pay attention to the difference between people or things, the question depends on the angle, that is, with how many / much to ask, are used to none to negative answer, to use Is there any … asked, with no one to answer it.
37.trip, travel, tour and journey
① trip is an informal term, often for the journey to replace the word, emphasizing the first round of short trips. Such as: He went on a trip to the nearest seaside during his vacation. Holidays to the nearest beach, he made a trip (hiking).
② travel refers to travel, travels, particularly of foreign travel, but no journey meaning. Such as: We plan to travel to Africa. We plan to travel to Africa.
③ tour for “travel, tourism, visit” solution, emphasizing the “roaming patrol.” Such as: The play will tour the countryside in the autumn. The play will be touring this fall in rural areas.
④ journey often refers to the land from one place to another trip, but also refers to the travel distance, is a more formal usage. Such as: We made a journey to the Northeast of China. We made a trip to Northeast China.
38.destroy and damage
① destroy mainly due to “destroy, destroy” the serious consequences, with a subjective sense, as well as “break (hopefully, planned), eliminate, destroy (the enemy), “meaning, such as: We l destroy the old world and build the new. We will break the old world, the construction of the New World. All the hopes were destroyed. All hope is lost. The hurricane destroyed the whole town. Hurricane destroyed the entire town.
② damage “damage, destruction, loss,” the major said, “… … something to bring harm,” such as: The storm caused great damage. storm caused huge losses. His words have done a lot of damage to the government popularity. His speech to the government popularity has brought great damage.
39.be about to do sth. and be to do sth
① be about to do = to be just ready to; be going to about to, immediately, the use of must not be used in conjunction with the express terms of time. Such as: We were about to leave when it started to rain. We are going to leave, day suddenly it began to rain. I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door. I was about to go to bed, when someone knocked on the door.
② be to do sth. said, “will happen”, “future arrangements”, “possible future.” For example: We are to get married next week. We will be married next week. What am I to do? How can I do? I to see him today at 6 o lock. Am I going to see him at 6 o lock. Am I to go on with my speech? I want to go on you?
40.go on doing, go on to do and go on with
three verbs phrase has “continued to do something” means, the difference is as follows: go on doing that, “continue to do, has been done (the middle without a break)”; go on to do that “and then do something”, that is a things have been done, then do another thing; go on with, said, “to do something”, which means that an action was suspended after he continued. Such as: He told Dr Bethune not to go on operating any more. Bethune told not to continue surgery. After reading English, I went on to do maths exercises. Read English, I then do the math exercises. After having a break, we went on with our lessons. Rest, we continue to school.
41.too much and much too
both said “too”, “very” meaning, much too for the adverb phrase, modify adjectives, adverbs, but not modify verbs. It much too cold. The weather is really cold. too much for the “too much” about the following three uses.
① as a noun phrase, such as: You have given us too much. you give us too much.
② uncountable noun as an adjective phrase modifier, such as: Don drink too much wine. Do not drink too much wine.
③ for modification intransitive verb adverb phrases, such as: She talks too much. her voice too much.
42.rather and fairly
two words can be “fairly”, “quite a bit of” talk. The main differences are as follows:
① fairly major and “It is a pleasant feeling,” the adjective or adverb used in conjunction, such as: good, bravely, well, nice and so on. But rather is intended to make this solution, then for the “unpleasant” adjectives or adverbs, such as: bad, ugly and so on. Such as: Tom is rather lazy, but John is fairly diligent. Tom is lazy, but John is quite hard.
② If a singular noun with an adjective modifier, the indefinite article to be placed fairly before, but rather after it is put before the release can be. Such as: This is a fairly interesting book. This is a very interesting book. This book is rather an interesting one. (Ibid.)
③ some word itself does not matter, “pleasant” or “unpleasant,” meaning, such as: fast, show, hot, cold, etc., the speaker is available fairly to the table, “praise”, with rather to mean “disagree.”
④ fairly often said that “just right, right”, but rather with “too much, it had been” intended. Compare: This book is fairly easy for you to read. (Just right for you read.) This book is rather easy for you to read. (Too simple so inappropriate)
⑤ rather can also be used in alike, like, similar, different, and the words “there” before, this time meaning “little” or “slightly” means. Such as: The weather was rather worse than I had expected. The weather than I had expected something worse.
43.lively, living and alive
① lively adj. vivid, lively, and can be used as attributive or predicative. Such as: What lively colours! How bright color ah! She is a lively girl. She is a lively girl.
② living adj. alive, alive; n. a living, living. Such as: living things biological; make a living to earn a living; earn one living to earn a living to survive; That man is still living. The man was still alive (alive).
③ alive adj. alive, alive, predicative adjectives, and can be interchangeable with the living. If the as attribute, which should be placed after the word modified. Such as: That man is not dead, he is still alive. (= He is still living.) Man did not die, he is still alive. He is the greatest musician alive. He is the greatest living musicians.
44.instead of, in place of and take the place of
① instead of a prepositional phrase, meaning “place”, “rather than” for the prepositional phrase after the then nouns, gerunds and accusative pronouns; followed by the infinitive phrase for conjunctions (generally not omit to), predicate verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositional phrases and so on. Such as: John will attend the meeting instead of his manager. John will replace the manager to attend the meeting. You should have some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long. You should exercise more, do not stay home all day. The temperature has risen up instead of fallen down. Temperature increase and not decrease. This is dull instead of interesting. This is not only dull, boring hand.
② in place of the prepositional phrase “instead of” is usually followed by name (generation) words, instead of swap with. Such as: People often use plastics in place of / instead of wood or metal. People used plastic instead of wood and metal. But instead of sb. / sth. And the object of the preposition may be omitted, but in place of usually can not be omitted.
③ take the place of the verb phrase, “instead of” (job, work, etc.), such as: Most scientists agree that computers can completely take the place of humans. Most scientists believe that computers can not completely replace people. For “instead of” solution when not to remove or change to the one , that would lead to ambiguity, to distinguish between.
45.pain, ache and hurt
and pain of these three words are related. ache and pain and more as a noun, hurt only as a verb. ache means “(people) physical pain” is often used for persistent pain or illness caused by some small sense, often referred to as “local” pain. back (back), ear (ear), head (head), heart (heart), stomach (stomach), tummy (belly), tooth ache and other words and compound words, that the body parts of the pain. If you refer to other parts of the body is pain or ache with pain, said, such as: a pain / ache inmy foot hurts. Odd ache can be used in conjunction with the indefinite article, the indefinite article can not, such as: He has got an ache in his foot. He hurts. He has aches on his back. His back pain. ache can also be used as a verb, such as: I ache all over. my whole body pain. My head aches. I have a headache. pain refers to “physical or mental pain, grief,” more than the ache to severe, such as: She is in great pain. She was deeply painful. The boy broke his arm and cried with pain. The boy broke his arm, pain cried. pain also can be a transitive verb, means “the pain”, such as: My foot is still paining me. my feet still hurt.
aches and pains that “pain”, such as: I have aches and pains all over. my whole body pain. hurt only as a verb, can mean “(to) injury, (the) pain, injury,” such as: He hurt his back when he fell. hurt when he fell back. He was badly hurt in this traffic accident. In the accident, he was seriously injured. Did you hurt yourself? You hurt yourself yet? Hurt can also refer to “hurt (someone feelings); so sad,” such as: My feelings were hurt when he didn ask me to the party. He did not invite me attend the banquet, I am very sad. hurt can also mean “by the damage, harmful, adverse effects,” such as: It won hurt to wait a bit longer. wait a little longer (to you) does not matter. Some Chinese big companies have seen their business hurtby NATO air strike on Yugoslavia. Some of China big companies have seen their business damaged by NATO air strikes in Yugoslavia.
46.before long and long before
before long, and long before the form of composition or less, but its significance vary greatly, but also led to their decision to sentence state differences. before long “soon”, with the future tense when the sentence. Such as: This park will be open again before long. The park will soon be reopened. Our school will have a lot of new computers beforel ong. Our school will soon have a large number of new computers. long before “long ago”, when used in the past tense sentence. Such as: Long before I received an E-mail from my American friend Mary. A long time ago, I received an email American friend Mary.
47.lonely and alone
the two can be said that “lonely”, “own” the means, alone refers to the objective existence of the “lonely” and lonely more emphasis a subjective feeling of “loneliness.” Such as: I went alone. I am a person to go. Mary lived alone, but she didn feel lonely. Mary lives alone, but she does not feel lonely!
48.ill and sick
ill sick, used as a predicative, such as: You look ill these days. Recently, your color is not very good. I fail ill. I was sick. ? Sick sick, not only for predicative but also as attribute, such as: a sick man of patients; Mary has been sick for three weeks. Mary has been sick for three weeks. ? Sick can also be said that “nausea, vomiting,” as a predicative, such as: I feel sick. I feel the need to vomit; I am sick in the car. I have motion sickness.
49.happen, take place and occur
happen often, “accidental” means, used for objective things happen. For example: Whatever has ha ppened to your arm? It all swollen. Your arm how? Swollen good experience harm.
occur means there are plans to make something or effect “occurred.” Sometimes stressed that “show” in the human perception. For example: Did it occur to you to phone them about it? You do not expect this thing to give them a call?
In concrete things, events for the subject when, happen and occur can be common. For example: The accident happened (occurred) yesterday. Accident happened yesterday.
take place refers to the incident, but commonly used to mean “hold” means, with non-accidental. For example: The mee ting took place last night. Meeting held last night.
50.apart from, besides, except for and except
apart form for “other than … … (= besides)”, as “just, get rid of (= except for) “, for example: Apart from sport, my other interest outside class is music. In addition to sports, I love music and other extra-curricular. / Apart from the location, we like everything about the project. All aspects of the design we like, but the location is not very good.
besides means “in particular, into the layer; than … … than there”, for example: I know nothing besides what I e told you. except I said before to you, the I have no knowledge.
except for also making but for, which means “in addition … … outside”, for example: Except for your presence, I wo uld be bored. If you are not here, I feel tired.
except “to remove, in addition to … … outside,” meaning from the whole in the “minus” part. For example: They all went except David. In addition to David, they all go.
51.in the case of, in case of and in case
in the case of: as for; in a particular occasion of As; on … … in terms of < br />
Example: a.Most of the students are very diligent, but it different in the case of Mary. Most students are very hard, but Mary is concerned not so. b.In the case of the population.China is the largest county in the world in terms of population, China is the world largest country c.In the case of a physical change no new substance is formed. the physical changes, the No new material produced
in case of: for fear that sth. should happen; if sth. should happen to prevent; Wan one case: a.In case of rain, you better take an umbrella you better bring an umbrella in case it rains.
b. In case of fire, dial 119. If a fire, call 119. in case: if, for fear that if, in case
Example: a.In case he comes, let me know. If he come, let me know. b.Take your umbrella with you in case it rains. to bring an umbrella in case it rains.
52.relationship with relation
relationship and the relation between people or things are the means of contact. relationship means a person has deep emotional meaning of the close relationship, such as: her relationship with her husband; these two terms can refer to each other take care of each other and rely on things such as: the relation / relationship between temperature and humidity and temperature humidity relationship. If one refers to people and organizations more formal or loose relations, multi-purpose relations, such as: The local community has good relations with the police. / Relations betweenour countries are improving. Comrade comrades, like-minded, obviously not.
53.recall and remind
recall and remind confusion is often the test sites, their differences are as follows:
① recall, bring (sth / sb) back into the mind, recollect to think, to make memories?
For example: I can recall his name. I can not remember his name?

She recalled that he had left early. She recalled that he had gone early.
② remind, inform (sb) of a fact, or tell (sb) to do sth he may have forgotten, remind … … do
For example: Do I have to remind you yet again? have to remind you once again I do?
Travellers are reminded that malaria tablets are advisable. visitors are reminded to take the best anti-abuse disorders pills.
54.due to, owing to and thanks to
now widely recognized that due to and owing to the synonyms, but are used differently.
due to be available in the following example: His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway. she was late because of the oversupply of vehicles on the highway.
due to also be used as adverbial, but owing to only be used as adverbial, such as: He was late owing to / due to the very heavy traffic. because of traffic congestion, he was late.
due to the direct use of the noun: Accidents due to driving at high speed were very commonthat weekend. in weekend traffic accidents caused by driving at high speed a lot.
thanks to the equivalent of “on account of; because of because of” more for the compliment.
55.habit, practice and custom
This group is the general meaning of the term “habit”
habit refers to the individual “habit”, usually in that work, thinking or behavior of the unconscious ways and means, such as: I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. soon back on the TV screen to go before the bad habit of dozing the.
practice can also be said that personal social “habit”, this “habit” by nature is a continuous or repeated act, or a selective approach. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of ??frying potatoes in animal fat-the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. On the other hand, the thought of fried potatoes with animals, you will gag. However, in many Nordic countries, this is for everyone to accept the usual habits. I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. I drink coffee after dinner, this is my habit.
custom and practice has a habit of all meaning, in addition, custom layer also contains the meaning of this: long-term and widespread adoption of the act or method, that is, customs, according to an area that people live together and their behavior standards or specifications, it is not only instructive, but also has the meaning that must be followed. Don be a slave to custom. Not to do the customs of the slaves. It is difficult to get used to another country custom. To adapt to the customs of another country is difficult.
56.method, manner and way
this group is the general meaning of the word “way” or “method.”
method expressed by the “method” can refer to the specific steps or do something, or you can refer to abstract concepts, “structured, the law.” For example: We must get some method into our office filing. We must come up with some coherent document archiving to.
manner the main ways that individuals prefer, and the mode similar meaning, but a more formal mode. And manner that is not used for the formation of traditional or customary ways. For example: I don object to what she says, but Is trongly disapprove of her manner of saying it. I do not say against her, but she said this way I am disgusted. Do it in a businesslike manner. To solemnly do it.
way often appear in the fixed phrase, so the high frequency of use, although in many way with the phrase, way mean equivalent method, mode, or manner, but the only way, it is conventional. For example: Civilized man like such a way of living. Civilized people like this way of life. She smiled in a friendly way. Her friendly smile.
57.damage, destroy and ruin
all with “destruction”, “destruction” means. damage refers to the “value, use lower or other damage to the exterior, not all damage can also repair damaged” Example: The heavy rain damaged many houses. heavy rain destroyed many houses. destroy means “can not be completely destroyed or difficult to repair as well as” case: That town was destroyed in a big fire. that the town was destroyed in a fire. ruin is now used for metaphor in general refers to the “broke” Example: He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth. he knocked over a bottle of ink stained the cloth.
58.at last, in time, finally and in the end
these words are “finally” or “last” means. at last, after waiting stressed patients: a. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of special type of grass? seed which would grow quickly. the fire was finally extinguished when the Forest Service Order several tons of special fast-growing grass seed. b. When the dentist at last removed the cotton wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth. in the dentist finally put cotton wool out from my mouth, I reluctantly told him , said he pulled the wrong tooth. c. At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California. firefighters finally put out a forest fire in California. After a period in time that after the cases of indefinite time: a. In time, all Sam? s money was paid back in this way. Sam finally have all the money returned in this way. b. You will learn how to do it in time. this work you can always learn to do eventually. Note: in time there is “timely” means.
finally said, after waiting, but sometimes that the last in a series of factors after. Example: a. After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Greece. Postponed three times after the holiday, we are finally in Greece degree false. b. We need to increase productivity. We need to reduce unemployment. And finally, we need to make our exports competitive on world markets. We need to increase productivity, reduce unemployment, and finally we need to make our exports in the international market with competitiveness. synonymous in the end, and finally, but finally the former general in the predicate. In addition to these words finally, the other three can be used before the predicate, but also in the predicate after. Example: a. In the end, we stay at home and look after everything. Finally, we stay at home looking after all. b. He tried many ways of earning, in the end he became a farm labourer. He tried many livelihoods, and eventually he made a farm worker.
59.delay, postpone and put off
inclusive “postponed”, “deferred”, “delay” means. delay means “temporarily obstruct or block, and then later to continue the” Example: The steamer was delayed by bad weather. steamship was postponed due to bad weather. postpone the official language, semantics strong, refers to “a conscious until a specific future time”, in most cases, followed by change in the timing of the case note: The meeting has been postponed to Friday. meeting was postponed to Friday. put off and postpone roughly synonymous, but the more popular colloquial example: Let? s put this off till some other time. we put a shelf this, talk about it later.
60.attempt and try
their general meaning is committed may succeed or fail in something. attempt is the meaning of hope will be successful to do their own thing, often contain risks of significance. Example: a. It will be a long time before any landing on Mars can be attempted landing attempts on Mars is a distant target. b. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. more than a year has passed, it made the first attempt.
try is much more common than attempt. Try to use the spoken language appears to Qian Jin popular than attempt. But these two words have a significant difference. try that try, which means to prove or want to test something, this is attempt can not express. In that time committed to something, try not contain the meaning of adventure. Example: a. You can try on the new coat. This new jacket, you can try. b. I tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton wool. I want to say a word, but my mouth stuffed with cotton wool.
61.remain and stay
all means “to stay” or “continue to maintain a certain state, relationship or action”
remain often interchangeable with the stay, but it stressed that “continue to stay in one place or keep the original state, without changing the nature of the situation”,
example: This place remains cool all summer. this place is cool all summer.
stay stressed that “someone [things] to stay in place without leave”,
such as: He stayed to see the end of the game. He stayed there until the game an end.
62.shade and shadow
two words, though not synonymous, sometimes confusing. The former is a “shade” talk, which is a “shadow” talk.
such as: We take a nap in the shade of a large tree. We played in the shade of a nap.
We took a nap in the shodow of a large tree. We punched a nap under the shade.
63.get, acquire, gain and obtain
said these words to obtain something. In these words, get the most popular, very versatile and can be discussed here for every occasion. It can be used for a strong win, can also be used for passive acceptance: The police trying to get their man police tried to seize their grasp of the people; getting the joke after everyone else in the room was in hysterics until everyone in the room only after all laughter understand that joke. Of course, get the usage of the phrase in many idioms. Because some idioms may not be formal, some people feel the need for as much as possible with obtain. obtain more formal, but as a replacement get the word, people often feel exaggerated or contrived: getting her to sign the paper asked her to sign the document; obtaining her signature on the paper to get her signature on the document.
64.all with the whole
both as an adjective, there is “… the whole, complete” means, but both use different. When used in conjunction with the plural noun, whole means “whole”, and all that is “all”, near “each”, for example: All my books are here. All my books (each book ) are here. ? Two different positions in the sentence, all on the possessive pronoun or that or before, such as: all the children all the children. All that afternoon the entire afternoon. ? Whole term is immediately put in the possessive pronoun or that, or after, for example: the whole story the whole story
65.first and at first
both can be expressed “first.” first used to indicate the beginning of a series of actions or things, such as: First turn right, then turn left at the second turning. First turn right, then turn left at the second turn. first list can also be used, said that “first” serial relationship. at first more or implied what happened before the action and different, even opposite, meaning “beginning”, for example: At first he knew nobody, but now he has many good friends. who do not know he started, but now he has many good friends.
66.in front of and in the front of
in front of meaning “in front of … …”, such as: There is a tree in front of the house. front of the house there is a tree. And in the front of meaning “in front of … …”, such as: There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. The front of the classroom with a blackboard. Thus, in the front of a space is defined within the front.
67.lesson and class
These two words are nouns, lesson meaning “class, homework,” such as: There are four lessons every morning. every morning, There are four lessons. Lesson One Lesson.